What is the primary method used to kill spores?

The primary method used to kill spores is sterilization. Sterilization is a process that eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and especially bacterial spores, which are known to be particularly resilient and resistant to many forms of disinfection. This process typically involves the use of high-pressure steam (autoclaving), ethylene oxide gas, or other methods that ensure all microorganisms, including the tough spore formers, are eradicated.

In contrast, low-level disinfection primarily targets vegetative bacteria and some viruses but does not have the capability to effectively kill spores. High-level disinfection can eliminate many types of microorganisms and is effective against some spores, but it is not as comprehensive as sterilization. Extended sterilization is not recognized as a standard term or method within the context of infection control; thus, it does not represent a valid approach to ensuring spore kill. Overall, sterilization remains the gold standard when aiming to ensure complete destruction of all microbial life, including spores.